What condition is characterized by an overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina?

Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by an overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina, leading to an imbalance in the normal bacterial flora. Normally, the vagina contains a mix of bacteria, predominantly lactobacilli, which help maintain a healthy environment. When the balance is disrupted, an overgrowth of other types of bacteria occurs, resulting in symptoms such as unusual discharge, fishy odor, and sometimes irritation or itching.

This condition is particularly important to recognize because it can be mistaken for other vaginal infections, and it may lead to complications if left untreated, including increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and complications during pregnancy. Understanding bacterial vaginosis helps in distinguishing it from conditions such as yeast infections, which are caused by fungi, and urinary tract infections or pelvic inflammatory disease, which involve different pathophysiological mechanisms.