In medical terms, what describes the absence of spontaneous breathing?

The term that describes the absence of spontaneous breathing is "apnea." This condition refers specifically to a temporary cessation of breathing, which can be caused by various factors such as obstruction in the airway, neurological issues, or during sleep. Apnea is a critical condition that requires immediate medical attention, particularly in emergency settings, as it can lead to hypoxia and other complications if not addressed promptly.

In contrast, the other terms delineate different types of breathing patterns. Dyspnea refers to difficulty or discomfort in breathing, hyperpnea denotes an increased depth and rate of breathing often associated with exertion or distress, and bradypnea indicates an abnormally slow respiratory rate. Understanding these distinctions is important for recognizing different respiratory conditions and managing them appropriately in clinical settings.